Ethics · 16 Jul 2026

legal personhood of nature

Consider the following statements regarding the interaction between the Tenth Schedule and Article 368:

  1. Under the Tenth Schedule, a defection is shielded from disqualification once it involves two-thirds of a legislative party's own members, treating it as a "merger."
  2. Article 368 requires a special majority of two-thirds of the total membership of each House of Parliament, regardless of members present and voting.
  3. The Lok Sabha's numerical two-thirds threshold for a constitutional amendment is fixed and does not change with changes in the House's total effective strength.
  4. The anti-defection law was originally enacted, in part, to prevent the kind of large-scale floor-crossing that had earlier destabilised governments.

How many of the above statements are correct?

ABoth A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
BBoth A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
CA is true but R is false
DA is false but R is true

Tests the ability to isolate a true general ethical principle from a false specific factual claim about Indian legal precedent, rather than accepting both simply because they appear together and sound plausible.

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About this question

Why in news

The Scottish Association for Marine Science appointed the Atlantic Ocean as a trustee on its governing board, part of a global trend of granting legal personhood to natural entities.

Why for UPSC

UPSC frequently pairs a live current-affairs example with a static/legal fact to test whether a candidate can separate a general ethical principle (A) from a specific factual claim about Indian precedent (R) - here exposing the common misconception that the Ganga-Yamuna ruling still stands.

Prelims summary

Legal personhood for nature (Whanganui River 2017, Amazon 2018, Mar Menor 2022, Atlantic Ocean/SAMS) does not itself ensure accountable representation. India's Uttarakhand HC declared the Ganga-Yamuna living entities in 2017, but the Supreme Court stayed that order.

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