Counted at Last: What 22 Crore Re-ranked Indians Reveal About How We Measure Welfare
A MoSPI staff paper has estimated, for the first time at national scale, how much in-kind transfers raise measured living standards, using HCES 2022-23 data. It finds that conventional consumption measures that leave out free goods substantially understate the welfare of the poor. It also shows wide variation between States, with West Bengal's State-designed schemes standing out.